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What's new?Python 1.6 was the last of the versionsdeveloped at CNRI and the only version issued by CNRI with an opensource license. Following the release of Python 1.6, and after Guidovan Rossum left CNRI to work with commercial software developers, itbecame clear that the ability to use Python with software availableunder the GNU General Public License was verydesirable.
CNRI and the Free Software Foundation interacted to develop enablingwording changes to the Python license. Python 1.6.1 is essentiallythe same as Python 1.6, with a few minor bug fixes, and with aGPL-compatible license.
Note: according to CNRI, Python 1.6.1 is GPL-compatible, but, has said that Python 1.6.1 is not compatible with the GPL. CNRI disagrees, and states the FSF's lawyer has told CNRI's lawyer that 1.6.1 is 'not incompatible' with the GPL.
DownloadPython 1.6.1 is available for download now. It is released underthe CNRI Open Source GPL-Compatible License.Notes for Windows users: Some browsers remove the '.exe'suffix of the downloaded installer file. If this happens to you,simply rename the downloaded file to 'python16.exe' before youdouble-click it to run the installer. Also, if you have everinstalled an older Python version (especially distributions fromPythonWare), you may have to remove references to it from yourautoexec.bat. Incompatibility warning: Norton Antivirus 2000can cause blue screen crashes on Windows 98 when a function in theos.popen. family is invoked.
To prevent this problem, disableNorton Antivirus when using Python. (Confirmed on Windows 98 SecondEdition with Norton Antivirus version 6.10.20. The same NortonAntivirus version doesn't have this problem on Windows 2000. NortonAntivirus version 5 on Windows 98SE doesn't have this problem either.). Source IncompatibilitiesSeveral small incompatible library changes may trip you up:.
The append method for lists can no longer be invoked with more than one argument. This used to append a single tuple made out of all arguments, but was undocumented. To append a tuple, use e.g. L.append((a, b, c)). The connect, connectex and bind methods for sockets require exactly one argument.
Previously, you could call s.connect(host, port), but this was undocumented. You must now write s.connect((host, port)). The str and repr functions are now different more often. For long integers, str no longer appends a 'L'. Thus, str(1L) '1', which used to be '1L'; repr(1L) is unchanged and still returns '1L'. For floats, repr now gives 17 digits of precision, to ensure no precision is lost (on all current hardware).
The -X option is gone. Built-in exceptions are now always classes. Many more library modules also have been converted to class-based exceptions. Overview of Changes since 1.5.2For this overview, I have borrowed from the document 'What's New inPython 2.0' by Andrew Kuchling and Moshe Zadka.There are lots of new modules and lots of bugs have been fixed. Alist of all new modules is included below.Probably the most pervasive change is the addition of Unicode support.We've added a new fundamental datatype, the Unicode string, a newbuild-in function unicode, an numerous C APIs to deal with Unicodeand encodings.
See the file Misc/unicode.txt for details, or.Two other big changes, related to the Unicode support, are theaddition of string methods and a new regular expression engine:. String methods mean that you can now say s.lower etc. Instead of importing the string module and saying string.lower(s) etc. One peculiarity is that the equivalent of string.join(sequence, delimiter) is delimiter.join(sequence). Use ' '.join(sequence) for the effect of string.join(sequence); to make this more readable, try space=' ' first. Note that the maxsplit argument defaults in split and replace have changed from 0 to -1.
The new regular expression engine, SRE by Fredrik Lundh, is fully backwards compatible with the old engine, and is in fact invoked using the same interface (the 're' module). You can explicitly invoke the old engine by import pre, or the SRE engine by importing sre. SRE is faster than pre, and supports Unicode (which was the main reason to put effort in yet another new regular expression engine - this is at least the fourth!). Other ChangesOther changes that won't break code but are nice to know about:Deleting objects is now safe even for deeply nested data structures.Long/int unifications: long integers can be used in seek calls, asslice indexes.String formatting (s% args) has a new formatting option, '%r', whichacts like '%s' but inserts repr(arg) instead of str(arg). (Not yet inalpha 1.)Greg Ward's 'distutils' package is included: this will makeinstalling, building and distributing third party packages muchsimpler.There's now special syntax that you can use instead of the applyfunction. F(.args,.kwds) is equivalent to apply(f, args, kwds).You can also use variations f(a1, a2,.args,.kwds) and you can leaveone or the other out: f(.args), f(.kwds).The built-ins int and long take an optional second argument toindicate the conversion base - of course only if the first argumentis a string.
This makes string.atoi and string.atol obsolete.(string.atof was already obsolete).When a local variable is known to the compiler but undefined whenused, a new exception UnboundLocalError is raised. This is a classderived from NameError so code catching NameError should still work.The purpose is to provide better diagnostics in the following example:x = 1def f:print xx = x+1This used to raise a NameError on the print statement, which confusedeven experienced Python programmers (especially if there are severalhundreds of lines of code between the reference and the assignment tox:-).You can now override the 'in' operator by defining a containsmethod. Note that it has its arguments backwards: x in a causesa.contains(x) to be called. That's why the name isn't in.The exception AttributeError will have a more friendly error message,e.g.: 'Spam' instance has no attribute 'eggs'.
This maybreak code that expects the message to be exactly the attributename.Vladimir Marangozov designed more rational C APIs for allocatingmemory. See mymalloc.h. New Modules in 1.6UserString - base class for deriving from the string type.distutils - tools for distributing Python modules.robotparser - parse a robots.txt file, for writing web spiders.(Moved from Tools/webchecker/.)linuxaudiodev - audio for Linux.mmap - treat a file as a memory buffer.
(Windows and Unix.)sre - regular expressions (fast, supports unicode). Currently, thiscode is very rough.
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Eventually, the re module will be reimplementedusing sre (without changes to the re API).filecmp - supersedes the old cmp.py and dircmp.py modules.tabnanny - check Python sources for tab-width dependance. (Moved fromTools/scripts/.)urllib2 - new and improved but incompatible version of urllib (stillexperimental).zipfile - read and write zip archives.codecs - support for Unicode encoders/decoders.unicodedata - provides access to the Unicode 3.0 database.winreg - Windows registry access.encodings - package which provides a large set of standard codecs -currently only for the new Unicode support. It has a drop-in extensionmechanism which allows you to add new codecs by simply copying theminto the encodings package directory. Asian codec support willprobably be made available as separate distribution package built uponthis technique and the new distutils package. Changed Modulesreadline, ConfigParser, cgi, calendar, posix, readline, xmllib, aifc,chunk, wave, random, shelve, nntplib - minor enhancements.socket, httplib, urllib - optional OpenSSL support (Unix only).tkinter - support for 8.0 up to 8.3.
Support for versions older than8.0 has been dropped.string - most of this module is deprecated now that strings havemethods. This no longer uses the built-in strop module, but takesadvantage of the new string methods to provide transparent support forboth Unicode and ordinary strings. Changes on WindowsThe installer no longer runs a separate Tcl/Tk installer; instead, itinstalls the needed Tcl/Tk files directly in the Python directory. Ifyou already have a Tcl/Tk installation, this wastes some disk space(about 4 Megs) but avoids problems with conflicting Tcl/Tkinstallations, and makes it much easier for Python to ensure thatTcl/Tk can find all its files. Note: the alpha installers don'tinclude the documentation.The Windows installer now installs by default in Python16on thedefault volume, instead of Program FilesPython-1.6. Obsolete Modulesstdwin and everything that uses it. (Get Python 1.5.2 if you needit.:-)soundex.
(Skip Montanaro has a version in Python but it won't beincluded in the Python release.)cmp, cmpcache, dircmp. (Replaced by filecmp.)dump. (Use pickle.)find. (Easily coded using os.walk.)grep. (Not very useful as a library module.)packmail.
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(No longer has any use.)poly, zmod. (These were poor examples at best.)strop. (No longer needed by the string module.)util. (This functionality was long ago built in elsewhere).whatsound. (Use sndhdr.). Detailed Changes from 1.6b1 to 1.6Slight changes to the CNRI license. A copyright notice has beenadded; the requirement to indicate the nature of modifications nowapplies when making a derivative work available 'to others' instead ofjust 'to the public'; the version and date are updated.
The newlicense has a new handle.Added the Tools/compiler package. This is a project led by JeremyHylton to write the Python bytecode generator in Python.The function math.rint is removed.In Python.h, '#define GNUSOURCE 1' was added.Version 0.9.1 of Greg Ward's distutils is included (instead ofversion 0.9).A new version of SRE is included. It is more stable, and morecompatible with the old RE module. Non-matching ranges are indicatedby -1, not None.
(The documentation said None, but the PREimplementation used -1; changing to None would break existing code.)The winreg module has been renamed to winreg.
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